121 - 130
作成:2016-05-30
更新:2016-12-19
 Jūpiter m., Jupiter.
 Jūno f., Juno.
 Venus f., Venus.
 Dīs m., Pluto.
 Cato m., Cato.
 Plato m., Plato.
 Solomon m., Solomon.
 Acerra m., Acerra.
 Palaemon m., Palaemon.
 Marcus m., Marcus, or Mark.
 Damocles m., Damocles.
 Alcibiades m., Alcibiades.
 Hannibal m., Hannibal.
 Antonius m., Antony.
 Nero m., Nero.
 Archelāus m., Archelaus.
 Agesilāus m., Agesilaus.
 Vespāsiānus m., Vespasian.
 Dēmosthenēs m., Demosthenes.
 Cōdrus m., Codrus.
 Xenophon m., Xenophon.
 Datames m., Datames.
 Cleopatra f., Cleopatra.
I ought to read.
  Legere debeo.
You ought to write.
  Scribere debes.
Every man must die.
  Omnis homo debet mori.
I may be learned.
  Possum doctus esse.
You may be happy.
  Beatus esse potes.
He may be fortunate.
  Potest felix esse.
Can you write?
  Potesne scribere?
You cannot write, can you?
  Num scribere potes?
You can write, can you not?
  Nonne scribere potes?
Can you write, or not?
  An scribere potes?
The soul cannot perish.
  Anima perire non potest.
Every man may err.
  Omnis homo errare potest.
The stag can run swiftly.
  Cervus velociter currere potest.
A soldier must be brave.
  Miles fortis esse debet.
A boy ought to be modest.
  Puer modestus esse debet.
You may be learned, if you choose.
  Doctus esse potes, si vis.
No one, who is lazy, can be learned.
  Nemo doctus esse potest, qui piger est.
An idle pupil cannot therefore be learned.
  Piger discipulus igitur, doctus esse non potest.
A sick man cannot be quite happy.
  Homo aeger omnino beatus esse non potest.
An advocate should be prudent but daring.
  Defensor prudens at audax esse debet.
A man may be pious and righteous, though humble and obscure.
  Homo potest esse pius et honestus, quamquam humilis et obscurus.
This is the flower that1 is called a rose.
  Hic est flos, quae dicitur rosa.
He who is prudent and laborious, is generally a good citizen.
  Qui prudens est et laboriosus, is plerumque bonus est civis.
A thing that2 is good, is sometimes unpleasant.
  Quae res est bona, interdum est molesta.
A poor man who is contented, is happy.
  Homo pauper qui est contentus, is beatus est.
A pupil who reads much, is an assiduous scholar.
  Qui discipulus multo legit, is discipulus est assiduus.
 (1) The flower that is called a rose, flos quae rosa dicitur. When the relative qui, quae, quod, connects, by means of to be or a verb of calling or saying, two nouns of different genders, it sometimes agrees with either of them, as stella quae (or qui) Phaethon dicitur, the star that is called Phaeton. Generally, however, the relative agrees with the noun that follows, rather than with the antecedent, as globus quae terra dicitur, the globe that is called the earth.
 (2) A thing that is good, quae res est bonna. The relative qui may be placed in one or other of the following positions:─
  Puer qui legit, est industrius.
  Qui puer legit, est industrius.
  Puer qui puer legit, est industrius.
The first of these positions is common, the second elegant, and the third rare. When, however, a relative clause is fully expressed, the noun before the relative is repeated after it, as in the third of these examples; but usually, this repetition is avoided by using a form of the pronoun is, ea, id, thus: puer qui legit, is puer est industrius. In like manner id is often elegantly used with quod put for what, as habeo id quod vides, I have what you see. (For arrangement of words generally, see Rem.(1) Lesson 106, and for construction of relative, see Rem.(2) Lesson 86)
 īmo (adv.), yes.
 etiam (adv.), yes.
 īmo certe, yes, certainly.
 īmo etiam, yes, assuredly so.
 ita vēro, yes, to be sure.
 ita est, it is even so, ─ yes, quite so.
 nōn (adv.), no.
 minime (adv.), no.
 minime, minime, no, no ─ not at all ─ by no means.
 minime vēro, no, not in the least ─ why no.
 minime gentium, no, not in the least ─ why no.
 nihilōminus (adv.), nothing less, no, assuredly not.
 nēmo minus, no one less (so), no, assuredly not.
 haudquaquam (adv.), not very ─ no, certainly not.
 nēquaquam (adv.), not at all ─ no, by no means.
 Dixistine id? ─ Dixi.1
  Did you say that? ─ Yes, I did.
 Legitne puer? ─ Legit.
  Is the boy reading? ─ Yes, he is.
 Tune me vis? ─ Non.
  Do you want me? ─ No, I do not.
 Estne illa tua sententia? ─ Imo.2
  Is that your opinion? ─ Yes, it is.
 Num haec avis eadem est? ─ Non est.
  This is not the same bird, is it? ─ No, it is not.
 Tene delectat hic nuntius? ─ Minime.
  Does this news please you? ─ No, it does not.
 Potesne scribere? ─ Nequaquam.
  Can you write? ─ No, I cannot.
 Nonne potes scribere? ─ Ita vero.
  You can write, can you not? ─ I can.
 Num est dominus severus? ─ Minime gentium.
  The master is not severe, is he? ─ No, not in the least.
 Mene putas simulacrum esse? ─ Nihilominus.
  Do you think that I am a spectre? ─ No, assuredly not.
 Estne amicitia nostra vobis cara? ─ Imo etiam.
  Is our friendship dear to you? ─ Yes, assuredly so.
 Num est equus niger? ─ Haudquaquam.
  The horse is not black, is it? ─ No, certainly not.
 Nonne est mors certa? ─ Ita est.
  Death is certain, is it not? ─ Yes, it is.
 Estne illa regina ipsa? ─ Minime, minime.
  Is that the queen herself? ─ No, it is not.
 Estne hic canis tuus? ─ Meus est.
  Is this your dog? ─ Yes, it is mine.
 An est hic filius meus? ─ Hic est.
  Is my son here? ─ Yes, he is.
 Meus filius, meus Chremes venit? ─ Sic est, ut dixi.
  Has my son, my Chremes come? ─ Yes, he has.
 An ille id non videt? ─ Minime vero.
  Does he not see this? ─ Why, no.
 Hic liber idem est? ─ Non, alius est.
  Is this book the same? ─ No, it is another.
 Num formidolosus frater? ─ Nemo minus.
  Your brother is not timid, is he? ─ No, not in the least.
 Via nequaquam est bona, difficilis enim et nimis angusta est.
  The road is by no means good, for it is rugged and too narrow.
 (1) Dixi, I said, I did say, or yes, I did. Generally in reply to a question in Latin, the verb of the question is used alone, or with non if the reply is negative. In English we use the auxiliary may, can, do, or did, leaving the verb understood, but as no such particles exist in Latin, the verb must be put as above. One or other of the locutions at the head of this exercise may, however, be used instead, as, Venitne frater? ─ Minime vero, Did your brother come? ─ Why, no, i.e. No, he did not.
 (2) Imo, yes. A question is sometimes answered affirmatively by imo or etiam alone, and negatively by non, just as yes or no are used in English, but one of the compound locutions is more usual; thus instead of imo or etiam, the adverb ita (so) with est very frequently occurs, as, Asperum est vinum? Is the wine tart? Ita est, it is even so, i.e. yes, it is.
 perindulgens,1 very indulgent.
 peramplus -a -um, very spacious.
 permagnus -a -um, very large.
 perantīquus -a -um, very ancient.
 praeclārus -a -um, very illustrious.
 foedus -a -um, foul, filthy.
 perditus -a -um, lost, dissolute.
 profusus -a -um, extravagant.
 fessus -a -um, tired, wearied.
 jurgiōsus -a -um, quarrelsome.
 inglōrius -a -um, contemptible.
 perpetuus -a -um, perpetual, continual.
 dīrus -a -um, fatal.
 glaucus -a -um, grey.
 nimius -a -um, too much.
 sacrus -a -um, sacred.
 profānus -a -um, profane.
 nōtus -a -um, known.
 hūmidus, ūmidus -a -um, damp.
 plēnus -a -um, full.
 tener -era -erum, tender.
 castus -a -um, chaste.
 pressus -a -um, pressed.
 caecus -a -um, blind.
 novus -a -um, new, fresh.
 (1) The particle per- or prae-, when prefixed to an adjective, has the power of very, and most adjectives are susceptable of taking this particle.
Did you come yesterday? ─ Yes, I did.
  Herine venisti? ─ Veni.
Does the boy write? ─ Yes he does.
  Scribitne puer? ─ Scribit.
Is the old woman silly? ─ No.
  Estne anus inepta? ─ Non.
Can you run? ─ Yes.
  Potesne currere? ─ Imo.
You cannot run, can you? ─ No, I cannot.
  Num currere potes? ─ Minime.
You can run, can you not? ─ Yes, I can.
  Nonne potes currere? ─ Imo certe.
Can you run, or not? ─ I can.
  An currere potes? ─ Possum.
Does this book please you? ─ Yes, it does.
  Tene hic liber delectat? ─ Imo certe.
Is this weight the same? ─ No, it is not.
  Hoc pondus idem est? ─ Minime.
Is the wine mellow? ─ Yes, it is.
  Molle vinum est? ─ Ita est.
Is your exercise difficult? ─ Not very.
  Estne exercitatio difficilis tua? ─ Haudquaquam.
You are a Roman, are you not? ─ Yes, assuredly so.
  Nonne tu Romanus es? ─ Imo etiam.
Were you formerly a soldier? ─ No, I was not.
  Tune olim miles fuisti? ─ Nequaquam.
Is your country dear to you? ─ Yes, certainly.
  Cara estne tibi patria? ─ Ita vero.
Is that our brother? ─ Yes, it is.
  Estne ille frater noster? ─ Ita est.
Is that boy your brother? ─ Yes, he is.
  Estne puer ille frater tuus? ─ Meus est.
Is your neighbour obliging? ─ No one less so.
  Comis estne vicinus? ─ Nemo minus.
Is the water pure? ─ Yes, quite so.
  Pura estne aqua? ─ Ita est.
Am I the guilty person? ─ No, assuredly not.
  Scelestusne sum? ─ Nihilominus.
Did you say that the wine was white? ─ No, I did not.
  Dixistine vinum album esse? ─ Non dixi.
Phocion was a very illustrious Athenian citizen.
  Phocion civis Atheniensis praeclarus fuit.
 essem, I were, I be, or would be.
 essēs, thou wert, beest, or wouldst be; also you were, be, or would be.
 esset, he were, be, or would be.
 fuissem, I had been, or would have been.
 fuissēs, thou hadst been, also you had, or would have been.
 fuisset, he had been, or would have been.
 Quin tu saepius legis?
  Why do you not read oftener?
 Quis hic erat? Nonne pater meus?
  Who was here? Was it not my father?
 Hic liber non est idem, alius est.
  This book is not the same, it is another.
 Totum negotium erat valde difficile.
  The whole of the business was very difficult.
 Pater severus est, mater autem perindulgens.
  The father is severe, but the mother very indulgent.
 Aedificium templum est perantiquum et peramplum.
  The temple is a very ancient and very spacious building.
 Si essem rex, clemens essem.
  If I were a king, I would be merciful.
 Si amicus esses meus, laetus essem.
  If you were my friend, I should be glad.
 Nisi frater esset industrius, pauper esset.
  Unless my brother were industrious, he would be poor.
 Si fuissem prudens, dives fuissem.
  If I had been prudent, I should have been rich.
 Si non superbus fuisses, non esses exul.
  If you had not been proud, you would not be an exile.
 Si mercator fuisset bellicosus, miles fuisset.
  If the merchant had been warlike, he would have been a soldier.
 Puer sapiens non est piger, nam si piger esset, non esset sapiens.
  A sensible boy is not lazy, for if he be lazy he would not be sensible.
 Murus satis firmus esse potest, satis altus vero non est.
  The wall may be strong enough, but it is not high enough.
 Omnis homo debet quidem mori, sed unus diutius quam alter vivere potest.
  Every man must indeed die, but one may live longer than another.
 Nulla amicitia vera et perennis, quae non est sincera.
  No friendship is true and durable that is not sincere.
 Vicinus nihil nisi quod ipse dicit rectum putat.
  My neighbour thinks nothing right except what he says himself.
 Nihil quod est utile omnino est tetrum.
  Nothing that is useful is altogether hideous.
 Quid mihi dixisti?
  What did you say to me?
 Nihil tibi dixi.1
  I did not say anything to you.
 (1) Nihil tibi dixi, I did not say ANYTHING to you. Anything is sometimes rendered by quicquam (See Lesson 45), and sometimes by quid (See Lesson 78); but when used in English with a negative, it is rendered in Latin by nihil, as nihil dixi, I said nothing, i.e., I did not say anything. (For construction of Negations, see also Rem. Lesson 100, Rem. Lesson 117)
 monēta f., money.1
 nūmus, nummus m., a coin, money.1
 aes n., brass, bronze, money.1
 aes alienum, another's money, debt.
 gens f., a tribe, nation.
 gens humana, mankind.
 dextra f., the right hand.
 sinistra f., the left hand.
 injūria f., a wrong, or injury.
 ordo m., order, discipline.
 tabernāculum n., a tent.
 servitus f., bondage.
 virgo f., a virgin.
 dēceptio f., deceit.
 fulmen n., lightning.
 alpha n., alpha.
 ōmega n., omega.
 jānua f., a gate.
 scurra c., a buffoon.
 pignus n., a pledge.
 insulānus m., an islander.
 vicissitūdo f., variation.
 probitas f., probity.
 impietas f., impiety.
 (1) Money, when it signifies a single coin, or an entire sum, is rendered by numus or nummus; but in speaking of money generally, sometimes moneta, and still more frequetly pecunia is used. The former signifies properly, a stamp or impression, hence it is used to express the pieces of metal or coins that are stamped, and consequently money. The noun pecunia is derived from pecus (a sheep), that animal having been represented on some of the early Roman coins, so that, etymologically, there is no difference between moneta and pecunia. The names of the metals are likewise used in Latin as in English, to signify money, thus, argentum and aes imply silver and copper money respectively.
 (2) Many Latin words have no exact equivalent in English, and in the same way some English words will have to be rendered by a circumlocution; thus the noun debt, though itself a derivative of the Latin debitum, is more usually expressed by the compound noun aes alienum, the money of others, or other people's money. (See Rem. Lesson 28)
What do you want?
  Quid vis?
I do not want anything.
  Nihil volo.
I did not want anything.
  Nihil volebam.
Unless I were a soldier, I would be a sailor.
  Nisi essem miles, vellem esse nauta.
If you were a soldier, you would be cruel.
  Si esses miles, esses crudelis.
If my brother were rich, he would be generous.
  Si frater esset dives, esset generosus.
If I had been more industrious, I should have been less wretched.
  Si fuissem magis industrius, minus fuissem miser.
If you had not been diligent, you would not have been so learned.
  Si non diligens fuisses, non fuisses tam doctus.
If the weather had been stormy, I should have been timid.
  Si coelum atrum fuisset, fuissem timidus.
Debt is a bitter bondage.
  Servitus acerba est aes alienum.
One coin is more valuable than another.
  Unus numus magis pretiosus est quam alter.
A great deal of money is not always desirable.
  Multa pecunia non semper expetenda est.
Is this money ours or yours?
  Utrum ea vestra an nostra haec moneta est?
Brass is a useful, but by no means a precious metal.
  Aes metallum est utile sed minime pretiosum.
The Briton is generally a brave and upright man, but he is often rude and irascible.
  Brito plerumque homo est fortis et probus, saepe autem asper et iracundus.
Perhaps the islander is not quite so bad as he is said to be.
  Fortasse insulanus non omnino tam malus est quam dicitur esse.
Every Briton, at least, is not rude and irascible.
  Non omnis Brito tamen asper est et iracundus.
 et (conj.),1 and.3
 āc (conj.),2 and.3
 atque (conj.), and.3
 -que (conj.), and.3
 (1) Et and que are used to couple words and sentences generally; but que connects them more emphatically than et. When et is used in joining principal clauses, que is employed in connecting those that are subordinate. Que is likewise much used in connecting single words; under all circumstances it is enclitic, and is generally appended to the second of two words it joins.
 (2) Atque and ac are mostly used in connecting words that have some relation in common, as day and night; atque usually (but not always) precedes a word beginning with a vowel, and ac one that begins with a consonant, except c. As regards the junction of single words, que may, in most cases, be used for ac and atque, as magis ac magis, magis atque magis, or magis magisque.
 (3) The conjunction and is used in Latin very much as in English, but it is often repeated by the classic writers before each of words joined, as ego et tu et ille, you, he, and I. Very often it is elegantly dropped, as vēni, vīdi, vīci, I came, I saw, and I conquered.
 Miles et mercator.
  A soldier and a merchant.
 Miles ac nauta.
  A soldier and a sailor.
 Ortus atque obitus.
  The rising and setting.
 Mors ac vita.
  Life and death.
 Domus atque horreum.
  A house and a barn.
 Beneficium ac munificentia.
  Kindness and liberality.
 Magnus atque humilis.
  High and low.
 Geometria ac machinalis scientia.
  Geometry and mechanical science.
 Vehemens feroxque natura.
  A fierce and ferocious nature.
 Tu tempus, tuque invidiosa vetusta.
  Thou time, and thou invidious age!
 Templum magnum signumque pulchrum.
  A large temple and a beautiful statue.
 Amicitia, illud sanctum ac venerabile nomen.
  Friendship, that holy and venerable name.
 Humilis domus, umbrosaque ripa.
  A humble dwelling and a shady bank.
 Argentum atque aurum, laenaque, togaque.
  Silver and gold, a cloak and gown.
 Frater meus fortis atque animosus est.
  My brother is brave and spirited.
 Virtus est clara aeternaque.
  Virtue is noble and eternal.
 Nimis bella es atque amabilis.
  You are too pretty and amiable.
 Filia est pulchra, probaque.
  The daughter is beautiful and dutiful.
 Studium est mihi perfugium ac solatium.
  Study is to me a refuge and solace.
 Haec vestis levis atque splendida est.
  This dress is light and gay.
 Fama est mendax veloxque.
  Rumour is swift and false.
 Forma est fugax atque fragilis.
  Beauty is frail and fleeting.
 Amo te, indies plus plus plusque te amo.
  I love you; day by day, I love you more and more.
 Difficilis, facilis, jucundus, acerbusque est idem.
  The same man is rude, courteous, mirthful and stern.
 Parvula formica haud ignara ac incauta est.
  The tiny ant is by no means ignorant or heedless.
 Si vis esse amicus meus, tua amicitia firma sinceraque esse debet.
  If you desire to be my friend, your friendship must be firm and sincere.
 Epaminondas erat modestus, prudens, gravis; idem continens, clemens, patiensque erat.
  Epaminondas was modest, prudent, and steady; the same man was continent, clement, and enduring.
 Cincinnātus m., Cincinnatus.
 Cynēgīrus, Cynaegīrus m., Cynegirus.
 Paulus m., Paul.
 Tīmotheus m., Timotheus or Timothy.
 Vesta f., Vesta.
 Antigonē f., Antigone.
 Antigonus m., Antigonus.
 Tītus m., Titus.
 Curius m., Curius.
 Ascanius m., Ascanius.
 Zaleucus m., Zaleucus.
 Christus m., Christ.
 Hipparchus m., Hipparchus.
 Metiscus m., Metiscus.
 Turnus m., Turnus.
 Harmōdius m., Harmodius.
 Corinthus m., Corinth.
 Pān m., Pan.
 Neptūnus m., Neptune.
 Dārīus m., Darius.
 Naevius m., Naevius.
 Pīsistratus m., Pisistratus.
 Hērodotus m., Herodotus.
 Tullus m., Tullus.
 Rhea f., Rhea.
Cicero and Caesar.
  Cicero et Caesar.
Body and mind.
  Corpus atque mens.
Punishment and crime.
  Poena atque crimen.
Land and sea.
  Terra ac mare.
Truth and love.
  Veritas atque amor.
This river is broad and swift.
  Lata celerisque haec amnis est.
Charity is now more and more necessary.
  Caritas nunc magis magisque necessaria est.
Your book delights me more and more.
  Liber tuus me plus plusque delectat.
The son or daughter is ill.1
  Filius aut filia aeger est.
If the ruler is cruel and heartless, the state rarely is safe.
  Si crudelis atque iniquus imperator est, civitas raro est tuta.
Vesta and the earth is the same.
  Vesta eadem est ac terra.
Zaleucus was an upright man, and a faithful servant.
  Zaleucus vir erat probus, servusque fidelis.
Pisistratus was a private individual, but an illustrious citizen.
  Pisistratus erat privatus, clarus autem civis.
Antigone was a pious and dutiful daughter.
  Antigone proba et pia filia erat.
Marcus Curius was a remarkable man, and a celebrated Roman consul.
  Marcus Curius vir eximius fuit et consul celeber Romanus.
Antigonus was a skilful general, but not a well-disciplined man.
  Antigonus dux peritus erat, sed non erat vir moderatus.
The city of Corinth is no longer great and opulent.
  Urbs Corinthus non amplius magna et opulens est.
Titus, the Roman emperor, was an enlightened and affable man.
  Titus, imperator Romanus, vir liberalis comisque erat.
Pan is a less venerable deity than Neptune.
  Pan numen minus venerabile est quam Neptunus.
Herodotus was a learned Greek, and a celebrated author.
  Herodotus doctus erat Graecus, auctorque celebris.
Darius was a great, but unfortunate king.
  Darius rex erat magnus at infelix.
Perhaps Darius would have been safe, had he been less warlike.
  Fortasse salvus Darius fuisset, si minus fuisset bellicosus.
 (1) The son or daughter is ill, filius aut filia aeger est. When a conjunction couples two nouns of different genders, the adjective agrees with the mascline in preference to the feminine, and with the feminine in preference to the neuter. Sometimes, however, the adjective is made to agree with the last noun, as pater aut mater mortua est, the father or mother is dead. When both nouns are inanimate, the adjective may either agree with the last or be put in the neuter, as murus vel turris alta (or altum) est, the wall or tower is high. (See Rem.(1) Lesson 84)
 tam ... quam, so ... as.
 tam ... ut, so ... as.
 ut ... sīc, as ... so.
 ut ... ita, as ... so.
 aeque ... ac, as ... as, as well as, so much as.
 atque ... atque, as ... as, as well as, so much as.
 tantus ... quantus, so great as.
 tālis ... quālis, such as, as ... so.
 aut ... aut, either ... or.
 vel ... vel, either ... or.
 nec ... nec, neither ... nor.
 neque ... neque, neither ... nor.
 et ... et, as well as, both, and.
 hīc ... ille, the former ... the latter.
 alius ... alius, one ... another.
 alter ... alter, the one ... the other.
 Et ego et Carolus.
  Both Charles and I.
 Aut Caesar aut nullus.
  Either Caesar or nobody.
 Hic vel Graecus vel Romanus est.
  This person is either a Greek or a Roman.
 Neque corpus, neque animus.
  Neither body nor mind.
 Nec incautus sum nec ignarus.
  I am neither heedless nor ignorant.
 Hoc est mutabile, illud immutabile.
  The former is changeable, the latter unchangeable.
 Qualis homo, talis oratio.
  As the man (is), so (is) his discourse.
 Vicinus meus est talis, qualis semper fuit.
  My neighbour is the same as he always was.
 Crimen non est tantum quantum putas.
  The crime is not so great as you think.
 Tuus amicus et fui et sum.
  I both am, and have always been your friend.
 Juno erat et soror et conjux.
  Juno was a sister as well as a wife.
 Nomen et invidiosum et obscurum est.
  The name is both hateful and obscure.
 Nihil me aeque ac studium delectat.
  Nothing delights me so much as study.
 Cyrus aeque magnus fuit ac pater.
  Cyrus was as great as his father.
 Equus niger aeque formosus atque albus est.
  A black is as handsome as a white horse.
 Alius est beatus, alius autem miser.
  One is happy, but another wretched.
 Alter semper magnus, alter saepe turpis fuit.
  The one was always great, the other often abject.
 Nihil tam vile, neque tam turpe est quam calumnia.
  Nothing is so vile or base as calumny.
 Quis tam perditus ac profusus nepos, ut fuit Sextus Naevius?
  What spendthrift ever was so dissolute and extravagant as Sextus Naevius?
 Ut hoc vinum est acre, sic illud est suave.
  As this wine is sour, so that is sweet.
 Fortuna non est aeque, quod omnis est contentus.
  Fortune is not so, that every one is contented.
 Ut volebas, ita1 est.
  As you desired, so it is.
 Et pater et mater mortua est.2
  Both my father and mother are dead.
 (1) Ita est, so it is. So, when it refers to something actually named before, is rendered by sic or aeque, but when so refers to something supposed, implied, or to follow, it is rendered by ita. When, in comparison, superiority or inferiority is implied, so is rendered by tam, and when equality is expressed, by aeque or qualis. At the end of a sentence, so is usually dropped, as si vis esse amicus, esse potes, if you are wish to be my friend, you may be so. In some constructions, however, so final is rendered by id or item, as, haec regio olim palustris erat, nunc non ita, this region was formerly marshy, now it is not so.
 (2) Et pater et mater, both my father and mother. When et or tum repeated couples two nouns, the verb and adjective agrees with the last, as et pater et mater mortua est, both father and mother is dead (not are dead.)
 dīc, say, speak, tell.
 memento, remember.
 perdidi, I have lost.
 trādam, I will give over.
 alit, he, she, or it nourishes.
 subvertit, he, she, or it overthrows.
 obumbrat, he, she, or it overshadows.
 imitātur, he, she, or it mimics.
 minātur, he, she, or it threatens.
 comitātur, he, she, or it accompanies.
 sōlātur, he, she, or it comforts.
 consōlātur, he, she, or it consoles.
 vagātur, he, she, or it wanders.
 morātur, he, she, or it delays.
 habuit, he, she, or it had.
 līberāvit, he, she, or it delivered, set at liberty, or rescued.
 putāvit, he, she, or it thought.
 praestabat, he, she, or it surpassed.
 allevābat, he, she, or it raised.
 dedit, he, she, or it gave, or pledged.
 cēdit, he, she, or it took, captured or held.
 comprehendit, he, she, or it seized.
 relīquit, he, she, or it left.
 extulit, he, she, or it was buried.
 porrigēbat, he, she, or it stretched forth.
You are not so learned as I.
  Tu non tam doctus es quam ego.
Your queen is as harsh as your king.
  Regina vestra aeque dura est ac vester rex.
I am such as I have always been.
  Talis sum, qualis semper fui.
My friend is the same now as he was before.
  Amicus idem nunc est qui (vel atque) ante fuit.
No one was ever so corrupt as he.
  Ita erat corruptus, ut nemo unquam.
As the mind is, so is the body.
  Ut mens est sic est corpus.
Both the king and I.
  Et ego et rex.
You as well as your brother.
  Et tu et frater.
My neighbour is either a soldier or a sailor.
  Vicinus meus vel miles vel nauta est.
Either I am a fool, or the news is false.
  Aut ego stultus sum aut nuntius falsus est.
Food nourishes.
  Cibus alit.
Say always what you think.
  Dic semper quod putas.
I have never lost anything.
  Nihil perdidi unquam.
Indigence quite overshadows you.
  Egestas omnino te obumbrat.
God overthrows and preserves.
  Deus subvertit et conservat.
Study comforts and consoles me.
  Studium me solatur et consolatur.
Who was buried? ─ I do not know.
  Quis elatus est? ─ Nescio.
What did the soldier stretch forth?
  Quid porrigebat miles?
What did he raise?
  Quid allevabat?
What did he leave?
  Quid reliquit?
What did he give to you?
  Quid tibi dedit?
He did not give me anything.
  Nihil mihi dedit.
Sorrow accompanies, delays and threatens me.
  Aegritudo me comitatur, moratur et minatur.
Your pupil sometimes mimics you, but he continually trusts to you and loves you.
  Discipulus te interdum imitatur, sed perpetuo tibi credit et te amat.
One is more industrious than another.
  Alius quam alius magis est industrius.
The one is diligent, but the other1 as negligent as possible.
  Alter est diligens, alter vero quam maxime negligens.
 (1) As after tam, talis, tantus, tot, is rendered by quam, qualis, quantus, quot, respectively, but ut may be used instead of quam, thus, frater non est tam diligens quam (or ut) soror.
After aeque, as is rendered by atque, before a vowel, and by ac before a consonant, but quam may be used for atque and ut, thus: frater aeque diligens est ac (or quam) soror.
After idem, as is generally rendered by qui, quae, quod (See Rem. Lesson 86); but atque or ac may be used instead of the relative, thus: frater non idem est quae (or ac) soror.
As when followed by possible is generally rendered by quam maxime, as; Excelsus quam maxime esse, to be as haughty as possible.
Sometimes as is put in English for when or whilst, in which case it is rendered by quam, cum or dum, thus: dum ante ostium sto, as I stand before the door.
Under most other circumstances, as may be rendered by ut, as: Ita fuit honoratus, ut nemo unquam, no one was ever so honoured as he.
 O (interj.),1 O!
 Oh (interj.), Oh!
 Heu (interj.), Alas!
 Ehodum (interj.), Hallo now!
 Ave2 (verb & interj.), Hail! Health to you!
 Salve (verb & interj.), Hail! Welcome!
 Vale3 (verb & interj.), Farewell!
 Bene vale, Good bye!
 (1) The interjection O! is generally understood in Latin, but is sometimes expressed.
 (2) Ave and salve are imperative forms of obsolete verbs, and properly signify, be well, or be in health. These words, however, are mostly used as a salutation at meeting, and when so put, stand for such English greetings, as Good morning! How are you?
 (3) Vale is properly an imperative form of the verb valēre, to be well or strong; but is the usually parting salutation, answering to Good evening! Adieu! and similar locutions.
 Ave soror!
  Good morning, sister!
 Salve frater!
  How are you, brother?
 Oh festus dies!
  Oh, joyful day!
 Ehodum, quid dicis?
  Hallo, now! What do you say?
 Heu, quam molesta est egestas!
  Alas, how terrible indigence is!
 Amicus fidelis generosusque, salve!
  Hail, Faithful and generous friend!
 O fortuna, ut nunquam tu es perpetuo bona!
  O fortune! How (is it) that you are never continually favourable?
 Si haec est tua sententia, bene vale!
  If that is your opinion, good bye!
 Haec res valde est obscura.
  This affair is very obscure.
 Rex omnino beatus admodum est rarus.
  A king entirely happy is very rare.
 Catilina, ille vir iniquus, praecipuus fuit conjuratus.
  Catilina, that iniquitous man, was the chief conspirator.
 Mihi argento opus est.
  I require some money.
 Duce mihi et monitore opus est.
  A leader and counsellor is needful to me.
 Et caritate et honore opus est.
  Affection as well as honour is requisite.
 Campus fertilis immensusque esse dicitur.
  The plain is said to be fertile and vast.
 Dominus vinctus est, servus autem liber.
  The master is bound, but the servant is free.
 Hannibal dux erat peritus, clarusque, nequaquam vero felix.
  Hannibal was a skilful and illustrious general, but by no means fortunate.
 Non omnis dux felix esse potest.
  Every general cannot be fortunate.
 Omnis homo est mortalis, sive dives sive pauper.
  Every man is mortal, rich as well as poor.
 Pater tuus admodum severus esse videtur.
  Your father seems to be very severe.
 Utinam omnis pater esset justus et severus!
  Would that every father were just and severe!
 Urbs Syracusae perantiqua peramplaque fuit.
  Syracuse was a very ancient and very spacious city.
 Ibi omne aedificium et publicum et privatum, sacrum, profanumque pulchrum fuit.
  There every edifice, both public and private, sacred as well as profane, was beautiful.