9 - 15
作成:2016-08-05
更新:2017-02-21
The simple form of an adjective, as crudelis, cruel is said to be in the positive degree, and the comparative is formed by adding -ior to the root of the positive, as from crudel-is is formed crudel-ior, crueler, or more cruel.
 (1) Adjectives ending in -us, or -is, drop the final syllable before taking the compariitive termination, as doct-us, learned, doct-ior, more learned; fidēl-is, faithful, fidēl-ior, more faithful.
 (2) Those ending in -x, change x into c, before taking the suffix, as audax, bold, andāc-ior, bolder.
 (3) Those ending in -es, -ers, -ens, change s into t, before the comparative termination, as lōcuplēs, rich, locuplet-ior, richer; expers, destitute, expert-ior, more destitute; sapiens, wise, sapient-ior, wiser.
 (4) Those ending in -er, generally add the suffix to the positive without contraction, as pauper, poor, pauper-ior, poorer. Those that drop the e in the feminine and neuter, likewise throw away that vowel in the comparative, thus, pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful, makes the comparative pulchr-ior, more beautiftd, so celeber, -bris, renowned, makes celebr-ior, more renowned.
 (6) Comparatives are adjectives of two terminations, and make the neuter in -ius, as m. & f. crūdēlior, n. crūdēlius. (See Lesson 75.)
The Latin answers to the English comparative, which is formed by adding er to dissyllables, and by putting the adverb more with polysyllables, as great, greater, eloquent, more eloquent.
 (1) The Latin comparative, besides expressing the English adverb more, stands also for rather, too, somewhat, unusually, but only when these words are not emphatic, as puer pigrior est, the boy is somewhat lazy.
 (2) Sometimes in Latin, the comparative is used as an emphatic positive, as pestilentia minācior quam perniciōsior, literally a pestilence more threatening than more deadly, i.e. a pestilence more alarming than destructive.
How is the comparative of adjectives formed?
  -ior m./f., -ius n.
What is the positive of longior, longer?
What is the comparative of fortis, brave?
What is the English of excelsior?
  higher
What is the Latin for deeper?
How is the comparative of adjectives in -x formed?
What is the comparative of pugnax, fond of figlding?
How is the neuter of comparatives formed? (Rem.(5) §1.)
What is the neuter of pugnacior?
What other English adverbs besides more, are expressed by the Latin comparative? (Rem.(1) §2.)
  rather, too, somewhat, unusually
What is the Latin for rather dear?
 velut, veluti (adv.), even as, as it were for.
 quum (adv.), when, after.
 praeclāre (adv.), very clearly.
 audācissime (adv.), most daringly, very boldly.
 nimis (adv.), over, over much.
 perfecte (adv.), completely, entirely.
 adhuc (adv.), hitherto, as yet.
 pigre (adv.), lazily.
 rursus (adv.), again, another time.
 rursum (adv.), again, another time.
 illinc (adv.), thence, from there.
 acerbe (adv.), bitterly.
 clām (adv.), secretly.
 interim (adv.), in the mean time.
 ūna (adv.), together.
 vidēlicet (adv.), to wit, that is to say.
 dīligenter (adv.), carefully.
 Ager latior.
  A wider field.
 Mensa latior.
  A broader table.
 Flumen latius.
  A wider river.
 Ventus mollior.
  A softer wind.
 Sponda mollior.
  A softer couch.
 Lignum mollius.
  More flexible wood.
 Amicus felicior.
  A happier friend.
 Auspicium felicius.
  A happier omen.
 Opulentior vicinus.
  A wealthier neighbour.
 Opulentius oppidum.
  A more opulent town.
 Homo miserior.
  A more wretched man.
 Carior quam amicus.
  Dearer than a friend.
 Vestis quam nix albior.
  A garment whiter than snow.
 Triumphus carior quam gratior.
  A triumph more costly than agreeable.
 Hic ager fertilior est quam alter.
  This field is more fertile than the other.
 Flos ille pulchrior est quam tuus.
  This flower is more beautiful than yours.
 Nemo quam Socrates erat sapientior.
  No one was wiser than Socrates.
 Gravius pretiosiusque quam aurum nihil est.
  Nothing is heavier or more precious than gold.
 Severitas interdum utilior est quam lenitas.
  Severity is sometimes more useful than lenity.
 Vita nimis libidinosa, brevior est vita.
  An over-licentious life is a somewhat short life.
 Frater tuus altior est quam meus.
  Your brother is taller than mine.
 Sapientior dux quam miles esse debet.
  A general ought to be more intelligent than a soldier.
 Quis inquinatior fuit quam Catilina?
  Who was more defiled than Catilina?
 Natura dux certior quam ars est.
  Nature is a more trustworthy leader than art.
 Mihi nemo carior est quam frater.
  No one is dearer to me than my brother.
 Alnus procera est, populus autem procerior.
  The alder-tree is tall, but the poplar is taller.
 Pater excelsus est, verum filium excelsior.
  The father is haughty, but the son is more haughty.
 Praeclare consul scelestus erat, praetor vero scelestior.
  The consul was very clearly wicked, but the praetor was more wicked.
 Segnior puer quam puella.
  The boy (is) more slothful than the girl.
 Fortior leo quam tigris.
  The lion (is) stronger than the tiger.
 Splendidior sol quam luna.
  The sun (is) brighter than the moon.
 Quam pater puer longior.
  The boy (is), taller than his father.
 Multo celsius templum quam turris.
  The temple (is) much loftier than the tower.
 Altior struthiocamelus quam equus.
  The ostrich (is) taller than the horse.
 Leo quam tigris mitior.
  The lion (is) gentler than the tiger.
 Quam improba lingua, nihil perniciosius.
  Nothing (is) more pernicious than an immoral tongue.
 Urbs multo formosior Carthago quam Roma.
  Carthage (was) a much more beautiful city than Rome.
 habēri,1 to be held, or reckoned.
 intelligi, to be understood.
 ēverti, to be overthrown.
 coli, to be worshipped.
 rescindi, to be broken down.
 dēmitti, to be let down.
 statui, to be put.
 dīci, to be said or called.
 exercēri, to take exercise.2
 admīrāri (dep.)3, to wonder at.
 versāri (dep.), to converse.
 vērērī (dep.), to reverence.
 mori (dep.), to die.
 loqui (dep.), to speak.
 nasci (dep.), to arise, or be produced.4
 exordīri (dep.), to begin.
 experīri (dep.), to try or find out.
 (1) The auxiliary to be, when followed by a past participle, is expressed in Latin by the infinitive passive of the verb; thus, to be held is rendered by the inf. pass, of habere. (See Rem.(6) Lesson 7.)
 (2) The Latin infinitive passive often stands for some English compound made up of to get or take.
 (3) Some verbs have passive forms only. These are termed deponents. In verbs of this kind the passive forms have an active meaning; thus, though admirari is in form the infinitive passive, yet it nevertheless stands for to admire or wonder, not to be admired. Deponents are conjugated like the passive voices of the conjugations to which they respectively belong; consequently those that have the infinitive in -āri, take the passive voice endings of amo.
 (4) Some deponents, such as nasci, are passive in meaning as well as in form.
A higher wall.
  Murus altior.
A taller tree.
  Arbor altior.
A deeper ditch.
  Vallum altius.
A sweeter song.
  Cantus dulcior.
More delicious water.
  Aqua dulcior.
Sweeter honey.
  Mel dulcius.
A more faithful dog.
  Canis fidelior.
A more trustworthy witness.
  Testis certior.
More precious metal.
  Metallum pretiosius.
A bolder general.
  Dux audacior.
A more daring enterprise.
  Negotium audacius.
A wiser man.
  Homo sapientior.
A more intelligent animal.
  Animal sapientius.
Dearer than a brother.
  Carior quam frater.
Water purer than amber.
  Aqua quam electrum purior.
Nothing is baser than vice.
  Vilius quam vitium nihil est.
You are more skilful than your brother.
  Peritior es quam frater.
This flower is prettier than yours.
  Hic flos pulchrior est quam tuus.
No one is more wretched than I.
  Nemo miserior est quam ego.
A general is more intelligent than a soldier.
  Dux quam miles sapientior est.
No animal is more faithful than a dog.
  Fidelius quam canis nullum est animal.
No one is dearer to me than Marcellus, or more friendly than Popilius.
  Mihi nemo carior est quam Marcellus, nec quam Popilius amicior.
My brother is learned, but yours is more learned.
  Frater doctus est meus, tuus autem doctior.
The table is long, but the bench is longer.
  Mensa longa est, scamnum vero longius.
Silver is precious, but gold is more precious.
  Argentum est pretiosum, aurum vero pretiosius.
Your queen is haughty, but your king is haughtier.
  Regina vestra excelsa est, rex vester autem excelsior.
Nothing is sweeter than liberty.
  Quam libertas nihil dulcius.
An old man is more infirm than a young one.
  Infirmior senex quam juvenis.
The boy is sillier than the girl.
  Puer quam puella ineptior.
The tiger is crueler than the lion.
  Crudelior tigris quam leo.
That old woman is a great deal happier than I.
  Multo beatior illa anus quam ego.
This book is a great deal dearer than the other.
  Multo carior hic liber quam alter.
A politic prince cannot be easily overthrown.
  Rector facile astutus everti non potest.
Can you begin to-day?
  Hodiene potes exordiri?
 paterfamilias, patrisfamilias gen., m., the head of a family, a householder.
 condīmentum -i n., an element, a concomitant.
 imitātor -ōris m., an imitator, a mimic.
 timor -ōris m., fear, dread, terror.
 trītus -us m., rubbing, friction.
 afflātus -us m., breathing, inspiration.
 reditus -us m., a return.
 sensus -us m., a sense, or sensation.
 vīsus -us m., sight.
 auditus -us m., hearing.
 gustātus -us m., taste.
 tactus -us m., touch.
 Baetica -ae f., a province of Spain, now Andalusia.
 Arbella -ae f., a town in Asia.
 Iconium -i n., the name of a city in Lycaonia. and of towns in other parts of Asia.
 Tīcīnum -i n., a city cf Italy, now Pavia.
 Aegyptus -i f., Egypt.
 Parmenio -ōnis m., a general under Alexander.
 Hephaestio -ōnis m., one of the greatest of Alexander's generals.
 Semīramis -idis f., a queen of Assyria.
 Sulpicius -ii m., the name of a Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, and of other personages.
 Mamercus -i m., the son of Pythagoras.
 Tibris -is m., a king of the Tuscans.
 Paterfamilias rex est parvus.
  The head of a family is a little king.
 Zephyrus vehementior est.
  The west wind is rather high.
 Coelum est serenius.
  The weather is unusually fine.
 Asinus tardior est.
  The ass is rather slow.
 Paulo puella est loquacior.
  The girl is a little too talkative.
 Mamercus hostis erat tetrior.
  Mamercus was rather a mischievous enemy.
 Nonne Parmenio excelsior erat?
  Was Parmenio not rather proud?
 Estne sublimior murus?
  Is the wall not too high?
 Nemo stultior est quam janitor vester.
  No one is stupider than your door-keeper.
 Homo pauper saepe beatior est quam locuples.
  A poor man is often happier than a rich one.
 Flos candidus est, nix vero candidior.
  The flower is white, but snow is whiter.
 Scamnum longius est quam mensa, verum latior mensa.
  The bench is longer than the table, but the table is broader.
 Autumnus gratus est, ver autem gratius.
  Autumn is agreeable, but Spring is more agreeable.
 Nihil quam mendacium turpius est.
  Nothing is more disgraceful than falsehood.
 Multo severior tuus quam meus dominus.
  Your master is much more severe than mine.
 Nusquam vir doctior quam Socrates.
  Nowhere was there a more learned man than Socrates.
 Quam amicus fidus nihil pretiosior.
  Nothing is more precious than a faithful friend.
 Locupletior lingua Latina quam Graeca.
  The Latin language is more copious than the Greek.
 Audacior tu es quam ego, quamquam ego sum audacior quam frater tuus.
  You are bolder than I am, although I am more daring than your brother.
 Quam haec res nulla est difficilior.
  Nothing is more difficult than this.
 Nihil est velocius quam tempus.
  Nothing is swifter than time.
 Si Carolus duodecimus moderatior fuisset, fuisset felicior.
  If Charles the Twelfth had been more moderate, he would have been happier.
 Quam sapientia et doctrina nihil excellentius.
  Nothing is more excellent than knowledge and education.
 Quae fortuna quam exsulis1 miserior haberi potest?
  What fate can be reckoned more wretched than that of an exile?
 Quis tetrior fuit quam Catilina?
  Who was more hideous than Catilina?
 quis inquinatior? quis patientior? quis avarior? verum tamen quis jucundior?
  who more defiled? who more patient? who more covetous? but yet who more agreeable?
 Philosophia, magistra2 mea, sapiens est magistra.
  My teacher, philosophy, is a wise teacher.
 Cicero ille3 orator vir erat maxime jucundus et conjunctus.
  Cicero, the orator, was a most cheerful and sociable man.
 (1) Quam exsul, than that of an exile. The words that of used after than in English comparative locutions are dropped in Latin, but the of alone is sometimes expressed.
 (2) Philosophia magistra mea, philosophy my teacher. Nouns in apposition should be put in the same gender, when the second substantive has a feminine form. (See Rem.(1) Lesson 72, First Course.)
 (3) Cicero ille orator, Cicero the orator. The pronoun ille, ilia, illud is sometimes put for the used demonstratively.
 ambulo, I walk, or am walking.1
 sto, I stand, or am standing.
 cūro, I care, or fear for.
 dubito, I doubt, or am doubtful.
 rogas, thou askest, or you ask.
 cōgitas, thou thinkest, or you think.
 paras, thou preparest, or you prepare.
 aedificat, he, she, or it builds, or is building.
 ēducat, he, she, or it brings up.
 juvat, he, she, or it aids.
 adjuvat, he, she, or it favours.
 duplicat, he, she, or it makes two-fold.
 explicat, he, she, or it unfolds.
 cessat, he, she, or it ceases.
 narrat, he, she,or it talks.
 ēnarrat, he, she, or it relates.
 stat, he, she, or it stands.
 exstat, extat, he, she, it stands out, exists, or is,
 germinat, he, she or it germinates.
 habitat, he, she, or it dwells.
 dissociat, he, she, or it breaks up.
 probat, he, she, or it regards.
 excruciat, he, she, or it tortures.
 pulsat, he, she, or it knocks at.
 (1) The present indicative active of the Latin verb stands for both the English simple present and the compound made up of the auxiliary and the participle in ing, thus:─
  1st Per. ambulo, I walk, or am walking.
  2nd Per. ambulas, thou walkest, or art walking, you walk, or are walking.
  3rd Per. ambulat, he walks, or is walking.
Where stands the swift ship?
  Velox ubinam stat navis?
The city was where I am now standing.
  Urbs fuit ubi nunc sto.
What is that old man building?
  Quid aedificat ille senex?
Who lives here?
  Quis hic habitat?
The boy walks every day.
  Puer quotidie ambulat.
Your master is too severe.
  Dominus severior est tuus.
The bread is unusually black.
  Panis atrior est.
The girl is somewhat troublesome.
  Puella est difficilior.
The book is rather amusing.
  Liber est jucundior.
Your definition is too absurd.
  Absurdior definitio est tua.
This perfume is unusually luscious.
  Hoc unguentum est suavius.
Is the wine not rather sour?
  Nonne vinum est acrius?
The mound is higher than the wall.
  Agger quam murus est altior.
No bond is more flexible than friendship.
  Mollius quam amicitia nullum est vinculum.
What is more beautiful than a cluster of grapes?
  Quid quam uva pulchrius?
A fountain clearer than crystal.
  Fons quam vitrum splendidior.
My book is broader than yours.
  Latior quam tuus liber est meus.
No one is more unfortunate than I.
  Nemo quam ego est infelicior.
The ass is much slower than the horse.
  Asinus quam equus multo tardior est.
The peacock is handsomer than the goose, but not so useful.
  Formosior quam anser est pavo, sed non tam utilis.
No city is so famous as Rome.
  Nulla urbs tam est celebris quam Roma.
Nothing is more durable than gold.
  Nihil quam aurum est perennius.
The lion is a great deal more daring than the tiger.
  Multo audacior leo quam tigris.
No Greek was more renowned than Socrates.
  Nullus erat Graecus quam Socrates nobilior.
The servant is often more prudent than his master.
  Servus saepe quam dominus est prudentior.
My occupation is more troublesome than yours.
  Difficilius meum negotium est quam tuum.
My brother is certainly tall, but yours is taller.
  Frater meus excelsus quidem est, excelsior autem tuus.
War is always destructive, but one war is sometimes more destructive than another.
  Bellum semper est crudele. sed unum quam alterum capitalius interdum.
 tanto ... quanto,1 the (comparative) ... the (comparative).
 tantum ... quantum, the (comparative) ... the (comparative).
 quo ... eo, the (comparative) ... the (comparative).
 quo ... hoc, the (comparative) ... the (comparative).
 quam ... tam, the (comparative) ... the (comparative).
 Laboriosior incuria quam negligentia.
  Carelessness is more troublesome than negligence.
 Nequaquam crudelior leo quam tigris.
  The lion is by no means more ferocious than the tiger.
 Quanto avarior, tanto miserior.
  The more covetous, the more wretched.
 Quanto splendidior, tanto praestantior.2
  The brighter the better.
 Quanto brevius tempus, tanto felicius.
  The shorter the time is, the happier it is.
 Quanto acutior animus, tanto acrius judicium.
  The sharper the intellect, the keener the judgment.
 Quanto altius vallum, tanto tutius praesidum.
  The deeper the ditch, the safer the fortress.
 Quo acrior Cicero,3 eo crudelior Antonius,
  The more bitter Cicero, the more cruel Antony.
 Quo plus deses puer fuit, eo corruptior animus est suus.
  The more a boy has been slothful, the more corrupt his mind.
 Quo atrocius crimen, eo poena gravior.
  The more atrocious the crime, the heavier the punishment.
 Quo quis versutior4 et callidior, hoc invisior et suspectior.
  The more any one is evasive and crafty, the more he is hated and distrusted.
 Nonne locupletior es quam frater?
  Are you not richer than your brother?
 Nihil est jucundius quam bona valetudo.
  Nothing is more pleasing than good health.
 Hoc signum nequaquam excelsius est quam alterum.
  This statue is by no means more stately than the other.
 Imbecillior est medicina quam morbus.
  The medicine is less powerful than the disease.
 Pauperior vicinus nunc est, quam antea erat.
  Your neighbour is poorer now, than he was before.
 Filius tuus multo superbior est quam tu.
  Your son is much prouder than you.
 Pulchrum est verum dicere, pulchrius autem libenter audire.
  It is beautiful to tell the truth, but more beautiful to hear it willingly.
 Soror mea valde proba est, nunquam puella prudentior quam illa.
  My sister is very dutiful, there never was a more prudent girl than she.
 Nihil est honestius pulchriusque quam caritas.
  Nothing is more beautiful and more honourable than charity.
 Cleopatra crudelior fuisse dicitur quam ipse maritus.
  Cleopatra is said to have been more cruel than her husband himself.
 Si rex vester justus esset et humanus, populus fuisset felicior quam nunc est.
  If your king had been just and humane, the people would have been happier than they are now.
 Quis quam nefarius ille tyrannus Nero inquinatior fuit?
  Who was more defiled than that abominable tyrant Nero?
 (1) The compound adverbial expressions tanto ... quanto, etc., when used in expressing a measure of excess, will generally admit of being rendered by the repeated, but tanto properly stands for so much, or by so much, and quanto for how much, or by how much, and so with tbe others. Occasionally the superlative is used with these adverbs in Latin, where the comparative would be required in English, as, tanto pessimus poēta, quanto tu optimus patrōnus, literally by so much the worst poet you are, by so much the best patron you are; that is, the worse the poet, the better the patron, or, the worst poet is the best patron.
 (2) Praestantior, more excellent, i.e., better.
 (3) Quo acrior Cicero, by so much the more bitter Cicero, or, the more bitter Cicero. The compound adverbs tanto ... quanto, etc., are much alike in power, and in most constructions may be used indifferently, as, quanto acrior Cicero-tanto, or quo acrior Cicero-eo.
 (4) Quo quis versutior, the more any one is evasive. In this kind of comparison eo and hoc are sometimes omitted, in which case quo alone stands for the ... the, as quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt, or quo plus habent, plus cupiunt, the more they have, the more they want.
 incipio, I begin, or am beginning.
 quaeso,1 I ask, also please! pray!
 nōlo, I am unwiliing.
 jungis, thou joinest, you join, or yoke.
 curris, thou runnest, or you run.
 torquet, he, she, it harasses, or is harassing.
 terret, he, she, or it terrifies.
 praebet, he, she, or it furnishes.
 valet, he, she, it is worth, stands high, or has weight.
 abstinet, he, she, or it abstains.
 inquit, he, she, or it says.
 fit, he, she, or it becomes.
 ēvomit, he, she, or it emits.
 facit, he, she, it does or makes.
 reficit, he, she, or it refits.
 crescit, he, she, it grows or increases.
 polluit, he, she, or it pollutes.
 scandit, he. she, or it climbs.
 percoquit, he, she, or it thoroughly ripens.
 poscit, he, she, or it requires.
 tendit, he, she, or it stretches forth.
 sūmit, he, she, or it consumes.
 contrāhit, he, she, or it contracts.
 audit, he, she, it hears or listens to.
 nescit, he, she, or it is ignorant.
 (1) Quaeso has only a few forms in use, and verbs of this kind are termed defectives. (See Rem.(3) Lesson 7.)
The boy begins to write.
  Puer scribere incipit.
Pray, where is the servant?
  Ubinam est servus, quaeso?
The slower the surer.
  Quanto tardior, tanto certior.
The shorter the sweeter.
  Quo brevior, eo dulcior.
The more atrocious the crime, the harsher the judge.
  Quanto atrocius crimen, tanto durior judex.
The more learned a man is, the happier he is.
  Quo homo est doctior, eo beatior est.
The colder the climate, the more ferocious the wolf.
  Quanto frigidior plaga, tanto ferocior lupus.
The more lenient I am, the more audacious you are.
  Quanto lenior sum, tanto audacior es.
The more secret the hiding-place, the safer the fugitive.
  Quanto occultior latebra, tanto tutior fugitivus.
You are richer than you are generous.
  Locupletior es, quam generosior.
Iron is heavy, but gold is heavier.
  Ferrum est grave, aurum vero gravius.
The boy is lively, but the girl is livelier.
  Puer est alacer, verum puella alacrior.
The wall is high, but the tower is higher.
  Murus est altus, turris vero altior.
The horse is indeed a swift animal, but the stag is swifter.
  Equus quidem animal est velox, cervus autem velocior.
No one was more audacious than Catilina.
  Quam Catilina nemo erat audacior.
Rome was more powerful than Carthage.
  Potentior Roma quam Carthago.
Reason is more divine than instinct.
  Divinior oratio quam instinctus.
No one was more fortunate than Palaemon.
  Felicior quam Palaemon nemo.
The elephant is much more sagacious than the horse.
  Multo sagacior elephantus quam equus.
There never was a general more prudent than Hephaestio.
  Nunquam dux prudentior fuit quam Hephaestio.
A rich man is often more wretched than a poor one.
  Homo locuples saepe miserior est, quam homo pauper.
Mamercus was very praiseworthy, there never was a commander more skilful than he.
  Mamercus valde laudandus erat, nunquam imperator quam ille expertior.